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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

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Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assembly and Operation of a Cooling Stage to Immobilize C. elegans on Their Culture Plates
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Solution-processable, robust and sustainable cooler via nano-structured engineering.

Haodong Sun1, Yuwen Chen1, Wenchao Zeng1

  • 1College of Material Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|May 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a robust, eco-friendly passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) material using nanocellulose and inorganic nanoparticles. This innovative cooler offers high strength and significant sub-ambient cooling, advancing sustainable low-carbon technologies.

Keywords:
CelluloseFlexibleNano-scale assemblyRadiative coolingScalableStrong

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Conventional passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) materials face challenges in achieving high strength, customizability, and sustainability.
  • Existing PDRC solutions often lack the integrated advantages required for diverse applications beyond building cooling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a robust, custom-shaped, and eco-friendly PDRC material.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional PDRC materials by enhancing strength, flexibility, and environmental compatibility.

Main Methods:

  • A scalable solution-processable strategy was employed, involving the nano-scale assembly of nanocellulose (NC) and inorganic nanoparticles (ZrO2, SiO2, BaSO4, hydroxyapatite).
  • The material's structure was characterized, revealing a "brick-and-mortar" architecture with NC as the framework and nanoparticles as the matrix.
  • Performance was evaluated through measurements of solar reflectance, mid-infrared emissivity, mechanical strength, and outdoor temperature drop.

Main Results:

  • The developed PDRC material exhibits a "brick-and-mortar" nanostructure, providing high mechanical strength (>80 MPa) and flexibility.
  • It demonstrates excellent optical properties with high solar reflectance (>96%) and high mid-infrared emissivity (>0.9).
  • Long-term outdoor testing showed a significant sub-ambient average temperature drop of 8.8 °C.

Conclusions:

  • The novel nanocellulose-based PDRC material offers a compelling combination of robustness, customizability, scalability, and environmental friendliness.
  • This high-performance cooler presents a competitive advancement in PDRC technology for sustainable, low-carbon applications.
  • The material's design addresses key challenges in developing versatile and durable radiative cooling solutions.