Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

6.2K
In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
6.2K
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

8.6K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
8.6K
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

5.0K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
5.0K
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

6.7K
The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
6.7K
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

6.6K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
6.6K
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

26.4K
Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
26.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Generation of Cloned Sheep Lacking Galactose-α1,3-Galactose and N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid Antigens.

Xenotransplantation·2026
Same author

Distribution, scale, and drivers of mass mortality events in Europe's freshwater bivalves.

Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology·2025
Same author

Genome-edited farm animals from haploid stem cells.

Nature biotechnology·2025
Same author

Morula complementation restores male germline in <i>NANOS2</i> null sheep.

PNAS nexus·2025
Same author

Production of light-coloured, low heat-absorbing Holstein Friesian cattle by precise embryo-mediated genome editing.

Reproduction, fertility, and development·2023
Same author

Grainyhead-like 2 is required for morphological integrity of mouse embryonic stem cells and orderly formation of inner ear-like organoids.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation
21:01

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

Published on: July 17, 2009

21.3K

Chimaeras, complementation, and controlling the male germline.

Björn Oback1, Daniel A Cossey2

  • 1AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand; School of Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Trends in Biotechnology
|May 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accelerating animal breeding for food security requires new methods. This study compares germline complementation strategies, using chimeras to transmit elite male genetics for faster genetic gain in livestock.

Keywords:
chimaeraembryoembryonic stem cellgermline complementationspermatogonial stem celltestis

More Related Videos

In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos
07:00

In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos

Published on: June 3, 2022

6.1K
Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting
07:17

Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting

Published on: January 29, 2020

7.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation
21:01

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

Published on: July 17, 2009

21.3K
In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos
07:00

In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos

Published on: June 3, 2022

6.1K
Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting
07:17

Generation of Chimeric Axolotls with Mutant Haploid Limbs Through Embryonic Grafting

Published on: January 29, 2020

7.3K

Area of Science:

  • Animal breeding and genetics
  • Reproductive biotechnology
  • Agribiotechnology

Background:

  • Traditional animal breeding relies on the male germline, a slow process for adapting to environmental changes.
  • Sustainable food security is threatened by the slow pace of genetic improvement in livestock.
  • Chimeric animals offer a potential solution by exclusively transmitting elite male germlines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation and embryonic stem cell (ESC) complementation for germline restoration in chimeras.
  • To evaluate the impact of these strategies on agribiotechnology and species conservation.
  • To propose an integrated breeding platform for accelerated genetic gain.

Main Methods:

  • Gene editing to create sterile host cells.
  • Germline complementation via transplantation of either SSCs into testes or ESCs into early embryos.
  • Integration of embryo-based complementation with genomic selection, multiplication, and gene modification.

Main Results:

  • Comparison of two distinct germline complementation strategies (SSC vs. ESC).
  • Assessment of the biotechnological and conservation implications of chimeric breeding.
  • Proposal of a novel, integrated breeding platform.

Conclusions:

  • Germline complementation in chimeras presents a promising avenue for accelerating genetic progress in animal breeding.
  • The choice between SSC and ESC strategies has implications for agribiotechnology and conservation efforts.
  • An integrated platform combining embryo-based complementation with advanced genomic tools can enhance livestock breeding efficiency.