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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Signaling01:31

Sympathetic Signaling

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Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Parasympathetic Signaling01:30

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Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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The Apelinergic System in Pregnancy.

Océane Pécheux1, Ana Correia-Branco2, Marie Cohen2

  • 1Obstetrics Division, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The apelinergic system, including apelin peptide jejunum (APJ) and ligands Elabela (ELA), is vital for pregnancy and placental development. Research explores its role in pregnancy complications like preeclampsia.

Keywords:
APJElabelaapelinplacentapreeclampsiapregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • The apelinergic system, comprising APJ receptor and ligands ELA and apelin, is crucial for cardiovascular, nervous system, and pregnancy functions.
  • It plays essential roles in early embryonic development, placental formation, and function during gestation.
  • Dysregulation of this system is linked to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the apelinergic system's functions during pregnancy.
  • To examine its pathophysiological involvement in placenta-related pregnancy disorders.
  • To discuss the potential of apelinergic system components as therapeutic targets or biomarkers in obstetrics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on the apelinergic system in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of research on ELA, apelin, and APJ in normal and complicated pregnancies.
  • Examination of preclinical data from animal models of pregnancy complications.

Main Results:

  • The apelinergic system is critical for embryogenesis, vasculogenesis, and placental development.
  • While altered in human preeclampsia placentas, circulating levels of its components show inconsistent data.
  • Exogenous administration of apelin or ELA improved preeclampsia-like symptoms and birth weight in murine models.

Conclusions:

  • The apelinergic system is integral to healthy pregnancy and placental function.
  • Its components are implicated in placenta-related disorders, with potential therapeutic benefits observed in animal studies.
  • Translating these findings into clinical applications as biomarkers or treatments faces challenges.