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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
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Author Spotlight: Decoding Mitochondrial Aging
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5-HT3 Receptors on Mitochondria Influence Mitochondrial Function.

Santosh T R B Rao1,2, Ilona Turek1,2, Julian Ratcliffe1,3

  • 1La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria contain 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptors, specifically subunits A and E, on their inner membrane. These receptors influence mitochondrial function, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptorimmunogold stainingion channel subunitsligand-gated ion channelsmitochondriaondansetronserotonin type 3 receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Mitochondrial Research

Background:

  • The 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor is a ligand-gated cation channel superfamily member.
  • While typically found on cell membranes, prior research suggested potential mitochondrial localization of 5-HT3 receptor A subunits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distribution of 5-HT3 receptor subunits within intracellular and cell-free mitochondria.
  • To determine the functional impact of mitochondrial 5-HT3 receptors on cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Organelle prediction software analysis.
  • Transient transfection of HEK293T cells with tagged 5HT3A and 5HT3E subunits.
  • Fluorescence microscopy, cell fractionation, and transmission electron microscopy.
  • Assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rates.

Main Results:

  • 5-HT3 receptor subunits A and E were localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • These subunits can form heteromeric complexes within mitochondria.
  • Mitochondrial A and E subunits influenced membrane potential and oxygen consumption upon serotonin exposure.
  • Ondansetron pre-treatment inhibited these effects, confirming receptor involvement.

Conclusions:

  • 5-HT3 receptors are present on mitochondria and directly impact mitochondrial function.
  • The localization and function of these receptors suggest potential therapeutic implications for conditions involving mitochondrial dysfunction.