Sb₂S₃-Based Dynamically Tuned Color Filter Array via Genetic Algorithm

Color displays have become increasingly attractive, with dielectric optical nanoantennas demonstrating especially promising applications due to the high refractive index of the material, enabling devices to support geometry-dependent Mie resonance in the visible band. Although many structural color designs based on dielectric nanoantennas employ the method of artificial positive adjustment, the design cycle is too lengthy and the approach is non-intelligent. The commonly used phase change material Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST) is characterized by high absorption and a small contrast to the real part of the refractive index in the visible light band, thereby restricting its application in this range. The Sb₂S₃ phase change material is endowed with a wide band gap of 1.7 to 2 eV, demonstrating two orders of magnitude lower propagation loss compared to GST, when integrated onto a silicon waveguide, and exhibiting a maximum refractive index contrast close to 1 at 614 nm. Thus, Sb₂S₃ is a more suitable phase change material than GST for tuning visible light. In this paper, genetic algorithms and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) solutions are combined and introduced as Sb₂S₃ phase change material to design nanoantennas. Structural color is generated in the reflection mode through the Mie resonance inside the structure, and the properties of Sb₂S₃ in different phase states are utilized to achieve tunability. Compared to traditional methods, genetic algorithms are superior-optimization algorithms that require low computational effort and a high population performance. Furthermore, Sb₂S₃ material can be laser-induced to switch the transitions of the crystallized and amorphous states, achieving reversible color. The large chromatic aberration ∆E modulation of 64.8, 28.1, and 44.1 was, respectively, achieved by the Sb₂S₃ phase transition in this paper. Moreover, based on the sensitivity of the structure to the incident angle, it can also be used in fields such as angle-sensitive detectors.