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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis
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Pediatric meniscus morphology varies with age: a cadaveric study.

Matthew S Rohde1, Sunny Trivedi2, Sahej Randhawa2

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 453 Quarry Road, Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. rohde.matt1@gmail.com.

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA
|May 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric meniscus radial dimensions increase with age, with anterior width showing the slowest growth. This finding aids surgeons in planning meniscus repair and transplantation for adolescents.

Keywords:
AnatomyDiscoidKneeMeniscusPediatricRepair

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Knee biomechanics

Background:

  • Meniscal tears in adolescents can be isolated or associated with other injuries like ACL tears.
  • Meniscal damage increases cartilage pressure, raising osteoarthritis risk.
  • Surgical options include meniscus repair or transplantation for symptomatic cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the radial dimensions of pediatric menisci during development.
  • To hypothesize that radial dimensions increase with age and medial/lateral widths grow linearly.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 78 skeletally immature knee cadaver specimens (<12 years).
  • Axial view photography with rulers, analyzed using CAD software (Autodesk Fusion 360).
  • Measurements of radial width at 45-degree intervals, total meniscus and tibial plateau area recorded.

Main Results:

  • All radial width measurements significantly increased with age (p ≤ 0.002).
  • Lateral-medial meniscus widths increased significantly (p < 0.001).
  • Anterior meniscus zones showed the slowest growth rate; tibial plateau coverage did not vary significantly with age.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric meniscus radial and lateral-medial widths are age-dependent.
  • Anterior meniscus width exhibits the least age-related variation.
  • Enhanced anatomical understanding can optimize surgical planning for meniscus repair, reconstruction, and allograft transplantation.