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Testing Water Quality

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

Viable Norovirus Persistence in Water Microcosms.

Marlee Shaffer¹, Kimberly Huynh², Verónica Costantini²

¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology Letters

|May 14, 2023

Summary

Human norovirus RNA detection in water does not guarantee infectious virus presence. Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) reveal viable norovirus declines rapidly, unlike persistent RNA signals, highlighting limitations in current environmental monitoring for norovirus risk assessment.

Keywords:

Norovirus culturing molecular detection persistence public health water quality

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

Published on: March 28, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 30, 2025

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

Published on: January 16, 2016

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

Published on: March 28, 2015

Area of Science:

Environmental microbiology
Virology
Public health

Background:

Human noroviruses are a primary cause of acute gastroenteritis globally.
Norovirus poses the highest infectious risk from sewage-contaminated water, but is difficult to culture.
Current environmental assessments use surrogates or molecular methods, not direct viability assays.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the persistence of viable human norovirus and norovirus RNA in different water types.
To compare environmental norovirus detection methods with a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cell culture assay.

Main Methods:

Application of the HIE assay to amplify and detect viable norovirus.
Monitoring of both viable norovirus and norovirus RNA in surface, tap, and deionized water microcosms over 28 days.

Main Results:

Viable norovirus levels dropped below detection limits in tap and deionized water.
Viable norovirus was detected in only one surface water replicate at study end.
Norovirus RNA signals remained detectable throughout the study, irrespective of viable virus presence.

Conclusions:

A significant disconnect exists between molecular detection of norovirus RNA and the actual presence of infectious norovirus in water.
Current molecular methods may overestimate the public health risk from norovirus in environmental water.
Human intestinal enteroid (HIE) assays offer a more accurate assessment of viable norovirus persistence and associated risks.