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Sound Waves: Interference

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

Echo

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...

Sound Waves: Resonance

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...

Perception of Sound Waves

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging

Author Spotlight: A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging

Published on: June 16, 2023

Underwater acoustic metamaterials.

Erqian Dong^1,2, Peizheng Cao^1,2, Jinhu Zhang^1,2

¹Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.

National Science Review

|May 14, 2023

Summary

Underwater acoustic metamaterials offer advanced capabilities beyond conventional materials, enabling breakthroughs in cloaking, imaging, and navigation. This review highlights 20 years of progress in manipulating sound waves for diverse marine applications.

Keywords:

absorbers beam formation invisibility cloaking metasurfaces topological acoustics underwater acoustic metamaterials

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Last Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging

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Published on: December 27, 2012

Area of Science:

Acoustics
Materials Science
Ocean Engineering

Background:

Acoustic metamaterials provide unique acoustic parameters not found in conventional materials.
Locally resonant acoustic metamaterials act as subwavelength unit cells, overcoming classical limitations in material properties.
Acoustic metamaterials exhibit extraordinary capabilities like negative refraction, cloaking, and super-resolution imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the advancements in underwater acoustic metamaterials over the past two decades.
To explore the challenges and breakthroughs in manipulating acoustic propagation in underwater environments.
To summarize the diverse applications of underwater acoustic metamaterials.

Main Methods:

Review of theoretical analysis and additive manufacturing techniques for acoustic metamaterials.
Analysis of experimental demonstrations of acoustic metamaterial functionalities in water.
Synthesis of research findings on underwater acoustic metamaterial applications.

Main Results:

Significant progress in underwater acoustic invisibility cloaking and beam formation.
Development of underwater metasurfaces for phase engineering and topological acoustics.
Successful implementation of underwater acoustic metamaterial absorbers for noise reduction.

Conclusions:

Underwater acoustic metamaterials have evolved significantly, offering unprecedented control over sound propagation.
These materials are crucial for advancing underwater resource development, target recognition, imaging, navigation, and communication.
Continued research promises further innovations in marine acoustics and technology.