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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Rational drug product design integrates knowledge of the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation components, manufacturing techniques, and intended route of administration. Each factor influences the drug’s performance, including how it is released, absorbed, and eliminated in the body.The physicochemical properties of a drug—such as solubility, stability, and particle size—affect its compatibility with excipients and the choice of dosage form. Excipients, though pharmacologically...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors01:20

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors

Modified-release drug delivery systems are designed to optimize the therapeutic effect of drugs by minimizing side effects, reducing the dosage required, and controlling drug release to align with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic needs. The system depends on two key factors: the drug's release from the formulation and its movement through the body to the target site. Unlike conventional dosage forms, where absorption is the limiting step, the rate of drug release is the key determinant in...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

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Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation
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Points to consider when developing drugs for dry eye syndrome.

Suyoung Bae1, Hosun Seung1, Ho Jung Oh1

  • 1Cardiovascular & Neurology Products Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.

Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
|May 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Environmental and social changes are increasing eye diseases like dry eye syndrome. Standardized guidelines are needed for efficient drug development and better clinical trial data quality in eye care.

Keywords:
Clinical trialDry eye syndromeEfficacyOphthalmic solutionsSafety

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Environmental Health

Background:

  • Increasing incidence of eye diseases, including dry eye syndrome, linked to environmental factors like air pollution and social changes such as electronic media use.
  • Dry eye syndrome significantly impacts daily quality of life across age groups and necessitates active treatment due to symptoms like tear film instability and ocular surface inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose standardized guidelines for the pharmaceutical industry and clinical investigators.
  • To enhance the efficiency of drug development for dry eye syndrome treatments.
  • To improve the quality of clinical trial data in dry eye research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current challenges in dry eye syndrome treatment development.
  • Identification of key considerations for designing effective clinical trials.
  • Discussion of factors influencing drug development and data quality.

Main Results:

  • The study outlines essential considerations for designing clinical trials.
  • It emphasizes the need for standardized approaches in dry eye drug development.
  • The findings aim to bridge the gap between environmental/social changes and effective eye care solutions.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized guidelines are crucial for advancing dry eye syndrome treatments.
  • Improved clinical trial design will accelerate the development of effective therapies.
  • Addressing environmental and social factors is key to managing the rising incidence of eye diseases.