Advances in tumor nanotechnology: theragnostic implications in tumors via targeting regulated cell death

Cell death constitutes an indispensable part of the organismal balance in the human body. Generally, cell death includes regulated cell death (RCD) and accidental cell death (ACD), reflecting the intricately molecule-dependent process and the uncontrolled response, respectively. Furthermore, diverse RCD pathways correlate with multiple diseases, such as tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, with the development of precision medicine, novel nano-based materials have gradually been applied in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumor patients. As the carrier, organic, inorganic, and biomimetic nanomaterials could facilitate the distribution, improve solubility and bioavailability, enhance biocompatibility and decrease the toxicity of drugs in the body, therefore, benefiting tumor patients with better survival outcomes and quality of life. In terms of the most studied cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, plenty of studies have explored specific types of nanomaterials targeting the molecules and signals in these pathways. However, no attempt was made to display diverse nanomaterials targeting different RCD pathways comprehensively. In this review, we elaborate on the potential mechanisms of RCD, including intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, and other cell death pathways together with corresponding nanomaterials. The thorough presentation of RCD pathways and diverse nano-based materials may provide a wider cellular and molecular landscape of tumor diagnosis and treatments.