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Related Concept Videos

Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

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Overview
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations
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[Therapy-relevant antibiotic resistances in a One Health context].

Guido Werner1,2, Muna Abu Sin3,4, Christina Bahrs5

  • 1Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Deutschland. wernerg@rki.de.

Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz
|May 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) data in Germany is fragmented across human, animal, and environmental health sectors. Harmonizing methods is crucial for better data comparison and One Health strategies.

Keywords:
ColistinESBLHealthcare-associated infectionsHospitalLivestockMRSAMultidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO)

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Area of Science:

  • One Health, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDRO), Public Health, Veterinary Medicine, Environmental Science

Context:

  • Germany collects extensive AMR/MDRO data across human, veterinary, and environmental sectors.
  • Current data collection uses diverse standards, hindering cross-sectoral comparison.
  • Focusing on clinically significant pathogens like MRSA and Enterobacterales provides valuable insights.

Purpose:

  • To review the landscape of AMR and MDRO data in Germany within the One Health framework.
  • To identify challenges in data comparability across different health sectors.
  • To highlight trends and correlations of specific resistant pathogens and antibiotic classes.

Summary:

  • Data on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multiresistant Enterobacterales (E. coli, K. pneumoniae) shows heterogeneous resistance trends.
  • Reduced antibiotic use correlates with containing AMR/MDRO, as seen with MRSA in human medicine.
  • Carbapenem resistance is rare but prominent in human pathogens; colistin and linezolid resistance show sector-specific patterns and One Health links.

Impact:

  • Standardizing methods, particularly in antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genomic surveillance, is essential for improved data comparability.
  • Sector-specific measures are needed to manage MDRO and AMR burdens.
  • Understanding One Health correlations can guide targeted interventions against antimicrobial resistance.