Intrinsic and extrinsic dopings in epitaxial films MnBi₂Te₄

The intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi₂Te₄and members of its family have been the subject of theoretical and experimental research, which has revealed the presence of a variety of defects and disorders that are crucial in determining the topological and magnetic properties. This also brings about challenges in realizing the quantum states like the quantum anomalous Hall and the axion insulator states. Here, utilizing cryogenic magnetoelectric transport and magnetic measurements, we systematically investigate the effects arising from intrinsic doping by antisite defects and extrinsic doping by Sb in MnBi₂Te₄epitaxial films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We demonstrate that the nonequilibrium condition in epitaxy allows a wide growth window for optimizing the crystalline quality and defect engineering. While the intrinsic antisite defects caused by the intermixing between Bi and Mn can be utilized to tune the Fermi level position as evidenced by a p-to-n conductivity transition, the extrinsic Sb-doping not only compensates for this doping effect but also modifies the magnetism and topology of the film, during which a topological phase transition is developed. Conflicting reports from the theoretical calculations and experimental measurements in bulk crystals versus epitaxial films are addressed, which highlights the intimate correlation between the magnetism and topology as well as the balance between the Fermi-level positioning and defect control. The present study provides an experimental support for the epitaxial growth of the intrinsic topological insulator and underlines that the topology, magnetism, and defect engineering should be revisited for enabling a steady and reliable film production.