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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

18
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
1.7K
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

21
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
21
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

28
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
28
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

127
Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
127
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

473
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
473

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Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: GALACTIC-HF baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials.

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Circulating immune checkpoints predict heart failure outcomes.

Elles M Screever1,2, Laura I E Yousif2, Javid J Moslehi3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

ESC Heart Failure
|May 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint ligands are elevated in heart failure (HF) patients, correlating with disease severity and predicting worse outcomes. These findings suggest immune checkpoint ligands play a role in HF development and progression.

Keywords:
Galectin-9Heart failureImmune checkpointsPD-L1PD-L2

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Limited data exist on immune checkpoint (IC) ligands in heart failure (HF) pathophysiology.
  • Investigating IC ligands in HF is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of IC ligands in HF using animal models and human cohorts.
  • To determine the association of IC ligands with HF severity and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptomic analysis of cardiac tissue in HF mouse models.
  • Measurement of serum levels of sPD-L1, sPD-L2, and galectin-9 in stable and worsening HF patients.
  • Association analysis with clinical parameters (NYHA classification, galectin-3, hs-troponin-T) and prognostic outcomes.

Main Results:

  • IC ligands (sPD-L1, sPD-L2, galectin-9) were differentially expressed in HF models and elevated in HF patients.
  • Serum levels of these ligands correlated with NYHA classification, galectin-3, and hs-troponin-T.
  • Higher sPD-L1 and galectin-9 levels predicted increased HF hospitalization and mortality risk; sPD-L2 and galectin-9 predicted outcomes in worsening HF.

Conclusions:

  • IC ligands are expressed in cardiac disease models and elevated in HF patients.
  • Elevated IC ligand levels are associated with HF disease severity and significantly predict prognosis.
  • These findings suggest a potential role for IC ligands in the pathogenesis of HF.