Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism01:23

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

5.8K
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps involving an initial nucleophilic attack and then several proton transfer reactions. The second part includes the elimination of water, as a leaving group, to give the imine.
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...
5.8K
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

6.1K
Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
6.1K
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

8.3K
ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
8.3K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.4K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
3.4K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview01:16

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview

4.9K
Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named Schiff bases after its discoverer—the German chemist Hugo Schiff. On the other hand, secondary amines react with carbonyl compounds to give enamines. In enamines, the presence of a C=C double bond adjacent to the nitrogen atom leads to the delocalization of the lone pair.
4.9K
Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

531
Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...
531

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

From Atomic Interactions to Molecular Miscibility and Philicity: Deciphering Enthalpic Driving Forces.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026
Same author

Bridging Atomistic and Mesoscale Lithium Transport via Machine-Learned Force Fields and Markov State Models.

Journal of chemical theory and computation·2026
Same author

Molecular Origins of Philicity: How Atomic Interactions Determine Miscibility and Diffusivity.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2026
Same author

Optimizing the sensitivity of the instantaneous entropy of mixing.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same author

Metabolomic breath landscape analysis unravels lipid biomarker candidates in patients with genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2026
Same author

A Radical-Cationic Covalent Organic Framework to Accelerate Polysulfide Conversion for Long-Durable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method
05:51

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Published on: July 19, 2019

6.3K

Ultrafast Proton Transfer Pathways Mediated by Amphoteric Imidazole.

Marius-Andrei Codescu1, Thomas Kunze2, Moritz Weiß2

  • 1Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max Born Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|May 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Imidazole

More Related Videos

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
10:03

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: June 27, 2014

18.0K
Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method
05:51

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Published on: July 19, 2019

6.3K
Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
10:03

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: June 27, 2014

18.0K
Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Dynamics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Imidazole is an amphoteric molecule, acting as both an acid and a base.
  • This property is crucial for proton transport in high-temperature fuel cells and biological proton channels.
  • Understanding imidazole's acid-base reactivity is key to optimizing these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the proton transfer dynamics of imidazole.
  • To explore the amphoteric properties of imidazole using a bifunctional photoacid, 7-hydroxyquinoline (7HQ).
  • To elucidate the reaction pathway and kinetics of proton exchange involving imidazole.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrafast ultraviolet-mid-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy.
  • Analysis of molecular distribution functions.
  • First-principles calculations of proton transfer reaction barriers.

Main Results:

  • Observed an initial proton transfer from 7HQ to imidazole, contrary to typical acid-base expectations.
  • Identified a subsequent proton transfer from imidazole back to 7HQ, completing the tautomerization.
  • Determined the underlying reasons for this preferential reaction pathway through computational analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Imidazole's proton transfer dynamics are complex and deviate from simple acid-base theory.
  • The observed reaction pathway highlights a unique mechanism for proton exchange involving imidazole.
  • This research provides fundamental insights into imidazole's role in proton transport processes.