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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Optical vortex arrays (OVAs) are crucial for applications requiring structured light.
    • Generating and controlling multiple phase singularities in lasers remains a challenge.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate an adjustable optical vortex array (OVA) in an end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser.
    • To investigate a novel method for controlling mode properties and phase singularities.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized decentered annular beam pumping in an end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser.
    • Employed a focusing lens and axicon lens to manipulate transverse modes and phase.
    • Developed a threshold model to explain the generation of different modes.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully generated optical vortex arrays with 2-7 phase singularities.
    • Achieved adjustable mode weights and phases.
    • Attained a maximum laser conversion efficiency of 25.8%.

    Conclusions:

    • Demonstrated a novel and effective method for generating adjustable optical vortex arrays.
    • The proposed threshold model provides insight into the underlying physics.
    • This advancement opens new possibilities for tunable solid-state lasers.