Selective determination of cadmium and lead ions in different food samples by poly (riboflavin)/carbon black-modified...

In this research, a poly (riboflavin)/carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode (PRF/CB/GCE) is introduced as a novel electrochemical sensor toward Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ simultaneous measurement in presence of bismuth ions, applying differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Regarding the optimized conditions, the linear ranges were achieved from 0.5 to 600 nM for Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. The detection limit (LOD) was found to be 0.16 nM for Cd²⁺ and 0.13 nM for Pb²⁺. In order to perform the technique in real application, the proposed electrode was used to simultaneously detect ions in rice, honey, and vegetable samples with satisfactory recoveries - indicating that the sensor possesses good practicability to determine Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. Moreover, an atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used in order to detect the concentration of ions as a reference technique in rice, honey, and vegetable samples.