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Awareness Is Bliss: How Acquiescence Affects Exploratory Factor Analysis.

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Acquiescence response style (ARS) can inflate factor analysis results for balanced scales. Using informed rotation methods helps accurately recover measurement models by accounting for ARS.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Quantitative Psychology
  • Statistical Modeling

Background:

  • Assessing measurement models (MM) is vital for valid psychological construct measurement.
  • Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is commonly used to evaluate psychometric properties, including factor identification and interpretation.
  • Acquiescence response style (ARS) can potentially bias EFA results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of ARS on EFA for balanced and unbalanced scales.
  • To determine if ARS is identified as a separate factor during EFA.
  • To evaluate the influence of rotation methods on factor recovery and loading accuracy when ARS is present.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated data were used to assess EFA under varying ARS strengths and scale balance.
  • Different rotation approaches were applied to examine their effect on content and ARS factor recovery.
  • The consequences of extracting or not extracting an ARS factor on the recovery of factor loadings were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • ARS was frequently identified as an additional factor in balanced scales with strong ARS.
  • Ignoring the ARS factor or using simple structure rotation biased loadings and cross-loadings for balanced scales.
  • Informed rotation approaches, such as target rotation, successfully mitigated bias in balanced scales.
  • Not extracting the ARS factor did not impact loading recovery in unbalanced scales.

Conclusions:

  • Researchers must consider ARS when evaluating balanced scales using EFA.
  • Informed rotation strategies are recommended when ARS is suspected as an additional factor.
  • Proper handling of ARS is crucial for accurate measurement model assessment in psychometrics.