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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Prognostic Scores and Survival Rates by Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review
Evelyn Calderon-Martinez1, Samanta Landazuri-Navas2, Esmeralda Vilchez3
1Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA, USA.
Abstract:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer and ranks sixth among all malignancies worldwide. Risk factors for HCC can be classified as infectious or behavioral. Viral hepatitis and alcohol abuse are currently the most common risk factors for HCC; however, nonalcoholic liver disease is expected to become the most common cause of HCC in upcoming years. HCC survival rates vary according to the causative risk factors. As in any malignancy, staging is crucial in making therapeutic decisions. The selection of a specific score should be individualized according to patient characteristics. In this review, we summarize the current data on epidemiology, risk factors, prognostic scores, and survival in HCC.
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