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Spatial ability and 3D model colour-coding affect anatomy performance: a cross-sectional and randomized trial.

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Spatial ability significantly impacts anatomy learning, with higher ability linked to better performance. Artistic colour-coded 3D models improve anatomy learning more than photorealistic ones, without increasing cognitive load.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Anatomy Learning
  • Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Photorealistic 3D models (PR3DM) offer potential for anatomy education but may increase cognitive load, hindering learning in students with lower spatial ability.
  • The effectiveness of PR3DM versus artistic, colour-coded 3D models (A3DM) in anatomy education, considering spatial ability and cognitive load, remains unclear.
  • Designing effective anatomy courses requires understanding how different 3D model types influence learning outcomes and cognitive load.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of spatial ability on anatomy learning and intrinsic cognitive load using a drawing assessment.
  • To compare the impact of PR3DM versus A3DM on extraneous cognitive load and learning performance in anatomy.
  • To provide insights for instructional and assessment design in anatomy education.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study (Study 1) and a double-blind randomized controlled trial (Study 2) involving first-year medical students.
  • Study 1 assessed heart anatomy learning and intrinsic cognitive load (ICL) using a drawing task, with participants grouped by spatial ability (low vs. high) via a mental rotations test (MRT).
  • Study 2 compared learning and extraneous cognitive load (ECL) using a liver PR3DM or A3DM, followed by a post-test.

Main Results:

  • Students with low spatial ability demonstrated significantly lower heart drawing scores compared to those with high spatial ability (p=0.001).
  • Participants using the A3DM achieved significantly higher liver anatomy post-test scores than those using the PR3DM (p=0.042).
  • No significant differences in reported intrinsic or extraneous cognitive load were found between groups based on spatial ability or model type.

Conclusions:

  • Increased spatial ability is associated with improved anatomy learning performance.
  • Artistic colour-coded 3D models may be more effective for anatomy learning than photorealistic models, without increasing cognitive load.
  • Findings support the use of A3DM and consideration of spatial ability in anatomy education design.