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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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The transposed-word effect provides no unequivocal evidence for parallel processing.

Sara V Milledge1, Neya Bhatia2, Loren Mensah-Mcleod2

  • 1School of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|May 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Reading flexibility in word order processing is demonstrated even without parallel encoding. This challenges the idea that the transposed-word effect definitively proves parallel word recognition during reading.

Keywords:
Parallel processingReadingSerial processingTransposed-word effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Reading Science

Background:

  • Grammaticality decision tasks reveal flexibility in word order processing during reading.
  • The transposed-word effect (TWE) is observed when participants make more errors and slower responses for transposed words in grammatical sentences.
  • TWE has been interpreted as evidence for parallel word encoding during reading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the transposed-word effect (TWE) provides evidence for parallel word encoding during reading.
  • To examine word order processing flexibility under conditions that permit or restrict parallel encoding.
  • To reconcile findings with existing serial and parallel accounts of reading.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a grammaticality decision task in English.
  • Utilized display procedures that manipulated word encoding (parallel vs. serial).
  • Analyzed participant errors and response times for transposed-word stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Replicated and extended previous findings on word order processing flexibility.
  • Demonstrated flexible relative word order processing even when parallel encoding was not possible (serial encoding displays).
  • The transposed-word effect was observed in serial encoding conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Relative word order processing is flexible during reading, irrespective of parallel encoding possibilities.
  • The transposed-word effect does not unequivocally support a parallel-processing account of reading.
  • Findings can be explained by both serial and parallel word recognition models.