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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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Problematic smartphone usage, objective smartphone engagement, and executive functions: A latent variable analysis.

Andree Hartanto1, Yi Jing Chua2, Frosch Y X Quek2

  • 1Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore. andreeh@smu.edu.sg.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
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Excessive smartphone use may not harm cognitive functions like memory and attention. Only problematic smartphone usage was linked to deficits in task-switching abilities.

Keywords:
Executive functionsSmartphone usageStructural equation modelling

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Public discourse frequently links negative consequences to smartphone usage, particularly concerning executive functions.
  • Existing research presents limited and mixed findings, often due to unclear definitions of smartphone usage, reliance on self-reports, and task impurity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between various types of smartphone usage and executive functions.
  • To address limitations in prior research by using objective measures and a latent variable approach.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a latent variable approach and structural equation modeling with data from 260 young adults across multiple sessions.
  • Utilized objectively measured data-logged screen time and screen-checking, alongside self-reported usage and nine executive function tasks.

Main Results:

  • No significant associations were found between self-reported normative smartphone usage, objective screen time, or objective screen-checking and deficits in inhibitory control, task-switching, or working memory capacity.
  • Self-reported problematic smartphone usage was uniquely associated with deficits in the latent factor of task-switching.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone usage in moderation appears to have no inherent detrimental effects on core cognitive functions.
  • Problematic smartphone usage, however, may be linked to specific executive function impairments, particularly in task-switching.