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Related Concept Videos

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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How Well Can We Infer Selection Benefits and Mutation Rates from Allele Frequencies?

Jonathan Soriano1, Sarah Marzen1

  • 1W. M. Keck Science Department, Pitzer, Scripps, and Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists can infer mutation rates and selection coefficients from allele frequencies, but there are limits. This study quantifies the maximum information obtainable, revealing how organisms might optimize these parameters for maximal information transfer.

Keywords:
Wright-Fisher modelchannel capacitycultural evolutionevolutionmutual information

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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Theoretical biology

Background:

  • Experimentalists analyze allele frequency distributions to estimate evolutionary parameters.
  • Inferring mutation rates and selection coefficients from observed data is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the limits of inferring mutation rates and selection coefficients from allele frequency data.
  • To determine the maximal information transferable from allele frequencies to these parameters within the Wright-Fisher model.
  • To explore how organisms might optimize these parameters for enhanced information transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Wright-Fisher model as a theoretical framework.
  • Calculating the maximal information content (in bits per allele) in allele frequencies regarding mutation rate and selection coefficient.
  • Analyzing how organisms could theoretically adjust mutation rates and selection coefficients to maximize this information transfer.

Main Results:

  • A minimum of 2 bits of information per allele can be acquired about mutation rates and selection coefficients.
  • The study establishes theoretical limits on the precision of these estimations.
  • Identifies potential strategies for optimizing information transfer through parameter selection.

Conclusions:

  • Estimating evolutionary parameters from allele frequencies has inherent informational limits.
  • Understanding these limits is crucial for experimental design and data interpretation in population genetics.
  • Organisms may possess mechanisms to shape mutation and selection to maximize the information encoded in their genetic variation.