Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

2.9K
Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
2.9K
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

3.1K
Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
3.1K
Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

297
Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and...
297
Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

6.9K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
6.9K
Study Design in Statistics01:15

Study Design in Statistics

8.3K
A study design is a set of techniques that allow a researcher to collect and analyze data from different variables defined for a specific research problem. Statistics is commonly for effective study design and more robust experiments,
Does aspirin reduce the risk of heart attacks? Is one brand of fertilizer more effective at growing roses than another? Is fatigue as dangerous to a driver as the influence of alcohol? Questions like these are answered using randomized experiments with proper...
8.3K
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

7.1K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
7.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Competing-triggering effect models for multitype recurrent event data.

Biometrics·2026
Same author

Prediction of transition probabilities in multi-state models with nested case-control data.

Biometrics·2025
Same author

Dynamic prediction by landmarking with data from cohort subsampling designs.

Statistical methods in medical research·2025
Same author

The Virtual DCCT #3: Relationship of HbA1c and CGM Metrics with Cardiovascular Outcomes.

Diabetes technology & therapeutics·2025
Same author

Baseline characteristics of participants in the Biomarkers for Evaluating Spine Treatments clinical trial: a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial for chronic low back pain†.

Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)·2025
Same author

Association Between Time-in-Range and Diabetic Retinopathy: Learnings from DCCT to Recent Times.

Diabetes technology & therapeutics·2025
Same journal

Latent Class Log-Linear Models for Estimating Diagnostic Test Accuracy Without a Gold Standard: A Simulation Study.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Interpretable Bayesian Modeling for Multireader Multicase Studies: Addressing Overdispersion and Limited Sample Size in Diagnostic Enhancement Evaluation.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Adaptive Sequential Multiple Hypotheses Testing for Concomitant Vaccine Safety Surveillance.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Novel Distance Regression for Repeated Outcomes With Missing Data: Applications to Longitudinal and Crossover Studies of Microbiome Beta-Diversity.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Optimal Weighted Tests for Replication Studies and the 'Two-Trials Rule' With Multiple Hypotheses.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Identifiable Copula-Double-Cox Models: A Fully Parametric Framework for Dependent Right-Censored Survival Data.

Statistics in medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
04:53

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

10.7K

Fully order restricted multi-arm multi-stage clinical trial design.

Lauren Kanapka1, Anastasia Ivanova1

  • 1Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

Statistics in Medicine
|May 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a more efficient multi-arm clinical trial design. By leveraging assumed treatment effect order, it reduces sample size by at least 20% while maintaining strong type 1 error control.

Keywords:
Williams' testisotonic estimationmulti-arm multi-stageorder restricted inference

More Related Videos

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.2K
Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 30, 2025

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
04:53

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

10.7K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.2K
Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

20.4K

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Trials
  • Biostatistics
  • Pharmaceutical Research

Background:

  • Multi-arm trials compare multiple treatments against a control.
  • Assumed ordering of treatment effects (e.g., high dose vs. low dose vs. placebo) is common in drug development.
  • Maintaining strong control of the type 1 error rate is crucial for trial validity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a more sample-efficient multi-arm trial design.
  • To compare a new design utilizing treatment effect order against independent testing.
  • To maintain robust control of the type 1 error rate.

Main Methods:

  • Considered a multi-arm trial with ordered active treatments and a control.
  • Developed a design using treatment effect order for test statistics and testing sequence.
  • Compared this design to independent arm-to-control testing.
  • Evaluated sample size requirements for single-stage and two-stage trials.

Main Results:

  • The proposed design requires a smaller sample size than independent testing.
  • Sample size reduction of at least 20% was observed.
  • The design effectively controls the type 1 error rate.

Conclusions:

  • Leveraging the assumed order of treatment effects in multi-arm trials enhances sample efficiency.
  • This approach offers a statistically sound and more economical alternative to independent comparisons.
  • The findings are applicable to trials with a control and two or more active treatments with a predictable effect hierarchy.