Excited Electronic States of Sr₂: Ab Initio Predictions and Experimental Observation of the 2¹Σ⁺ State

Despite its apparently simple nature with four valence electrons, the strontium dimer constitutes a challenge for modern electronic structure theory. Here we focus on excited electronic states of Sr₂, which we investigate theoretically up to 25000 cm^-1 above the ground state, to guide and explain new spectroscopic measurements. In particular, we focus on potential energy curves for the 1¹Σ⁺, 2¹Σ⁺, 1¹Π, 2¹Π, and 1¹Δ states computed using several variants of ab initio coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction methods to benchmark them. In addition, a new experimental study of the excited 2¹Σ⁺ state using polarization labeling spectroscopy is presented, which extends knowledge of this state to high vibrational levels, where perturbation by higher electronic states is observed. The available experimental observations are compared with the theoretical predictions and help to assess the accuracy and limitations of employed theoretical models. The present results pave the way for future more accurate theoretical and experimental spectroscopic studies.