Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 30, 2025
07:56
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
Published on: September 5, 2019
8.5K
On multiplexing in physical random number generation, and conserved total entropy content
Frederic Monet1, Raman Kashyap2,3
1Fabulas Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montreal, 2900 Blvd Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada. frederic.monet@polymtl.ca.
Scientific Reports
|May 16, 2023
Summary
This study on random number generation reveals that cross-correlation tests on raw data are crucial for verifying randomness. Post-processing can mask correlations, necessitating robust validation methods for parallel channels.
Area of Science:
- Physics
- Information Science
- Optical Engineering
Background:
- Random number generation (RNG) is vital for secure communication and simulations.
- Supercontinuum sources offer broad spectra for parallel channel generation.
- Assessing the true randomness of parallel RNG schemes is challenging.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the generation of random numbers using spectrally demultiplexed supercontinuum spectra.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of statistical tests in identifying channel independence after post-processing.
- To propose a reliable methodology for confirming the randomness of parallel RNG.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing a random supercontinuum from a Raman distributed feedback laser.
- Spectrally demultiplexing the supercontinuum into parallel channels.
- Applying various statistical tests to raw and post-processed data, focusing on cross-correlation.
Main Results:
- Cross-correlation tests on raw data are the most robust for detecting channel independence.
- Post-processing techniques (LSB extraction, XOR) obscure correlations, making tests on processed data unreliable.
- A new methodology is presented to validate randomness in parallel RNG schemes.
- Tuning channel bandwidth affects randomness but conserves total bitrate.
Conclusions:
- Standard statistical tests on post-processed data are insufficient for validating parallel RNG.
- Cross-correlation analysis of raw data is essential for robust randomness verification.
- The proposed methodology ensures the integrity of parallel random number generation.
Related Concept Videos
01:04Random Error
944
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
944
01:09Random Variables
12.5K
A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
12.5K
00:59Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error
747
An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
747
02:39Entropy
30.4K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
30.4K
01:09Random Sampling Method
11.2K
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...
11.2K
01:10Entropy Change in Reversible Processes
2.6K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
2.6K