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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

1.7K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
1.7K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.1K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.1K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

1.9K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
1.9K
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

3.5K
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
3.5K
Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

26.9K
In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
26.9K

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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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Radical-Based Convergent Paired Electrolysis.

Ruipu Zhang1, Liubo Li1, Kehan Zhou1,2

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Convergent paired electrolysis uses electricity to generate reactive radical species for synthesis. This method overcomes challenges in coupling intermediates generated at separate electrodes, offering a sustainable alternative to photochemistry.

Keywords:
convergent paired electrolysiscross-couplingelectrochemistryradicalstransition metal catalysis

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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Synthesis

Background:

  • Electrochemistry provides a sustainable route for single-electron transfer (SET) reactions, generating versatile radical species.
  • Unlike photochemistry, electrochemistry uses electricity, avoiding costly photocatalysts.
  • Paired electrolysis maximizes atom and energy economy by utilizing both anodic and cathodic half-reactions, eliminating the need for sacrificial reagents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in radical-based convergent paired electrolysis.
  • To highlight strategies for overcoming challenges in coupling reactive intermediates generated at separate electrodes.
  • To showcase the potential of electrochemistry in redox-neutral reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction to generate two distinct radical intermediates.
  • Convergent approach where generated intermediates couple to form the final product.
  • Application of various strategies to facilitate the encounter of reactive intermediates across the electrode gap.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of successful radical coupling in convergent paired electrolysis.
  • Development of novel strategies to enhance the efficiency of intermediate coupling.
  • Highlighting the versatility and sustainability of electrochemical methods for complex synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Convergent paired electrolysis is a powerful strategy for synthesizing complex molecules via radical intermediates.
  • Electrochemical methods offer a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to traditional synthetic approaches.
  • Continued innovation in electrode design and reaction conditions will further expand the scope of paired electrolysis.