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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
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Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Published on: July 22, 2021

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Osteoarthritis.

W Watson Buchanan1, Colin A Kean2, Walter F Kean3,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.

Inflammopharmacology
|May 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoarthritis, a condition causing joint inflammation, has ancient origins, appearing in dinosaurs and mummies. Its exact cause, particularly in primary osteoarthritis, remains undetermined despite its prevalence increasing with age.

Keywords:
AetiologyHand; hipKneeOsteoarthritisSpine

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Area of Science:

  • Paleopathology
  • Rheumatology
  • Osteoarthritis Research

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) shows clinical and radiological signs in ancient remains, including dinosaur skeletons (50-70 million years old), Egyptian mummies, and ancient English skeletons.
  • Primary OA affects joints like hands, spine, hips, knees, and feet, while secondary OA results from trauma, infection, surgery, or metabolic issues.
  • The prevalence of OA escalates with age, and its histology and pathophysiology indicate an inflammatory process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ancient presence and characteristics of osteoarthritis.
  • To differentiate between primary and secondary osteoarthritis based on joint involvement and etiology.
  • To highlight the inflammatory nature and age-related prevalence of osteoarthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of clinical and radiological patterns in fossilized skeletons and ancient human remains.
  • Examination of joint involvement patterns to classify OA as primary or secondary.
  • Histological and pathophysiological studies to understand the inflammatory component.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of osteoarthritis found in dinosaur skeletons, Egyptian mummies, and ancient human populations.
  • Identification of common joint patterns for primary OA and etiological factors for secondary OA.
  • Confirmation of an inflammatory process in OA pathophysiology and a correlation with increasing age.

Conclusions:

  • Osteoarthritis is a condition with a long evolutionary history, predating modern humans.
  • While patterns and contributing factors are recognized, the fundamental cause of primary osteoarthritis remains elusive.
  • Further research is needed to determine the basic etiology of primary osteoarthritis.