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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Intermittent relaxation and avalanches in extremely persistent active matter.

Yann-Edwin Keta1, Rituparno Mandal2, Peter Sollich2,3

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dense self-propelled particle systems exhibit intermittent dynamics, transitioning between mechanical equilibria. Activity-driven fluctuations cause scale-free elastic and broadly distributed plastic events, revealing similarities to sheared amorphous solids.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Complex Systems
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Dense active matter systems exhibit complex behaviors.
  • Understanding their dynamics is crucial for fields ranging from biology to materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the dynamics of dense self-propelled particle systems.
  • Explore behavior in the limit of extremely large persistence times.
  • Characterize elastic and plastic relaxation events.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of dense self-propelled particle assemblies.
  • Development of an efficient numerical strategy to resolve statistical properties.
  • Analysis of activity-driven fluctuations and interparticle interactions.

Main Results:

  • Systems evolve intermittently between mechanical equilibria.
  • Relaxation occurs via scale-free elastic and broadly distributed plastic events.
  • Plastic events show system-size dependence and lead to dynamic facilitation and heterogeneous relaxation.

Conclusions:

  • Extremely persistent active systems display dynamics qualitatively similar to sheared amorphous solids.
  • Activity-driven fluctuations drive unique relaxation mechanisms.
  • Correlations between plastic events are key to emergent dynamics.