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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The Olfactory Dysfunction of COVID-19.

Richard L Doty1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Summary
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The SARS-CoV-2 virus often causes temporary smell loss, a common COVID-19 symptom. However, up to 30% may experience long-term smell deficits or distortions, impacting quality of life.

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the critical role of smell function in daily life, affecting safety, nutrition, and well-being.
  • Smell loss is a prevalent and measurable symptom of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, often reversible.
  • A significant portion of infected individuals may face persistent olfactory dysfunction, including distorted smell perception (parosmia).

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current epidemiological data on COVID-19-related smell dysfunction.
  • It examines the severity and underlying pathophysiology of olfactory deficits post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • The review also explores the association between smell dysfunction and subsequent psychological and neurological conditions.

Key Points:

  • Smell dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of COVID-19, impacting quality of life.
  • While often temporary, long-term smell loss and parosmia can affect up to 30% of patients.
  • Olfactory deficits are linked to potential psychological and neurological sequelae.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 significantly impacts olfactory function, with potential for long-lasting effects.
  • Understanding the epidemiology and pathophysiology is crucial for managing smell dysfunction.
  • Further research is needed to address the neurological and psychological consequences of persistent smell loss.