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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe
Published on: January 4, 2011
Beat of a current
Pedro E Harunari1,2, Alberto Garilli2, Matteo Polettini2
1Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05314-970 São Paulo, Brazil.
Abstract:
The fluctuation relation, a milestone of modern thermodynamics, is only established when a set of fundamental currents can be measured. Here we prove that it also holds for systems with hidden transitions if observations are carried "at their own beat," that is, by stopping the experiment after a fixed number of visible transitions, rather than the elapse of an external clock time. This suggests that thermodynamic symmetries are more resistant to the loss of information when described in the space of transitions.
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