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Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe
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Beat of a current.

Pedro E Harunari1,2, Alberto Garilli2, Matteo Polettini2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The fluctuation relation in thermodynamics holds even for systems with hidden transitions. This is achieved by observing experiments based on visible transitions rather than external time, preserving thermodynamic symmetries.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Systems

Background:

  • The fluctuation relation is a cornerstone of modern non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
  • Its validity typically relies on the direct measurement of fundamental currents.
  • Systems with hidden transitions pose challenges due to unobservable intermediate states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the applicability of the fluctuation relation in systems with hidden transitions.
  • To determine if thermodynamic symmetries can be preserved despite information loss.
  • To propose an alternative observational framework for such systems.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of systems with unobserved transitions.
  • Development of an observational protocol based on 'natural time' or event counting.
  • Comparison of results with traditional time-based measurements.

Main Results:

  • The fluctuation relation is demonstrated to hold for systems with hidden transitions.
  • Observing experiments based on a fixed number of visible transitions validates the relation.
  • This 'event-driven' observation method circumvents the need for direct measurement of all currents.

Conclusions:

  • Thermodynamic symmetries are robust and can be preserved in systems with hidden transitions.
  • The concept of observing systems 'at their own beat' offers a viable alternative to external clock timing.
  • This finding expands the scope of fluctuation relations and non-equilibrium thermodynamics.