Vortex nucleation in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates with density-dependent gauge potential.

Area of Science:

• Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Quantum Gases

Background:

• Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) exhibit rich quantum phenomena, including vortex formation.
• Vortex dynamics in rotating BECs are crucial for understanding superfluidity.
• Density-dependent interactions and nonlinear rotation introduce complexities to BEC behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

• To numerically investigate vortex dynamics and lattice formation in rotating density-dependent BECs with nonlinear rotation.
• To determine the critical frequency for vortex nucleation under adiabatic and sudden trap rotations.
• To analyze the influence of nonlinear rotation strength and trap ellipticity on vortex nucleation and arrangement.

Main Methods:

• Numerical simulations of rotating density-dependent Bose-Einstein condensates.
• Calculation of critical frequencies (Ωcr) for vortex nucleation.
• Analysis of vortex-lattice formation under varying nonlinear rotation strengths and trap ellipticities.

Main Results:

• Nonlinear rotation modifies BEC deformation and shifts critical frequencies for vortex nucleation.
• Critical frequencies depend on nonlinear rotation strength (C), with Ωcr(C>0)<Ωcr(C=0)<Ωcr(C<0).
• Nonlinear rotation influences vortex-vortex interactions and Magnus force, leading to non-Abrikosov vortex lattices and ring-vortex arrangements.

Conclusions:

• Nonlinear rotation significantly impacts vortex nucleation and dynamics in density-dependent BECs.
• The study elucidates the formation of exotic vortex-lattice structures beyond conventional Abrikosov lattices.
• Findings contribute to the understanding of superfluid dynamics in nonlinear quantum systems.