Functions and applications of artificial intelligence in droplet microfluidics

Droplet microfluidics has emerged as a powerful technology to perform high-throughput experiments, while artificial intelligence (AI) serves as a functional tool to analyze a large set of multiplex data. Their convergence creates new opportunities in autonomous system optimization and control, enabling various innovative functions and applications. In this study, we elucidate the basic principles of AI and elaborate on its main functions. The intelligent microfluidic systems applied in droplet generation, material synthesis, and biological analysis are summarized, with their working mechanisms and enabled new functions highlighted. Moreover, we elucidate current challenges in a more widespread combination of AI and droplet microfluidics and offer our perspectives on potential strategies to tackle these challenges. We hope that this review can deepen our understanding of intelligent droplet microfluidics and inspire more functional designs tailored to emerging demands.