Recent advances and mechanism of antimicrobial efficacy of graphene-based materials: a review

Graphene-based materials have undergone substantial investigation in recent years owing to their wide array of physicochemical characteristics. Employment of these materials in the current state, where infectious illnesses caused by microbes have severely damaged human life, has found widespread application in combating fatal infectious diseases. These materials interact with the physicochemical characteristics of the microbial cell and alter or damage them. The current review is dedicated to molecular mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial property of graphene-based materials. Various physical and chemical mechanisms leading to cell membrane stress, mechanical wrapping, photo-thermal ablation as well as oxidative stress exerting antimicrobial effect have also been thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the interactions of these materials with membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids has been provided. A thorough understanding of discussed mechanisms and interactions is essential to develop extremely effective antimicrobial nanomaterial for application as an antimicrobial agent.