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Related Concept Videos

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
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Binge eating disorder is a significant mental health condition characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption within a short period, accompanied by a perceived loss of control over eating behavior. Unlike occasional overeating, binge eating disorder is marked by distressing emotions such as guilt, shame, and anxiety following binge episodes. The disorder affects individuals across different ages and backgrounds, with profound implications for physical and psychological...
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Anorexia Nervosa01:28

Anorexia Nervosa

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Anorexia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain, an unrelenting pursuit of thinness, and a distorted body image. It often leads to dangerously low body weight relative to an individual's age and height. This disorder is marked by significant physical and psychological consequences, making it one of the most life-threatening psychiatric illnesses.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
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Child and adolescent obesity.

Natalie B Lister1,2, Louise A Baur3,4,5, Janine F Felix6,7

  • 1Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|May 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Child and adolescent obesity remains a significant global health challenge. Effective prevention and treatment require a comprehensive, family-based approach addressing lifestyle factors and policy initiatives.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Child and adolescent obesity prevalence is high in developed nations and rising in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Obesity results from complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, environmental, and sociocultural factors influencing energy homeostasis and cognitive-emotional control.
  • Obesity negatively impacts health-related quality of life and increases the risk of comorbidities like type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and depression, particularly in adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of child and adolescent obesity, including its causes, consequences, and management strategies.
  • To highlight the importance of a multi-component, family-based treatment approach for pediatric obesity.
  • To emphasize the need for systemic prevention strategies and policy interventions to address health inequalities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current evidence on obesity prevalence, pathophysiology, comorbidities, and treatment.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to obesity, including biological regulation systems (energy homeostasis, cognitive-emotional control) and environmental influences.
  • Examination of current treatment modalities and prevention strategies, including lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, and policy recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Child and adolescent obesity is a persistent global issue with significant health consequences.
  • Effective treatment necessitates a respectful, stigma-free, family-based approach targeting diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep.
  • Adjunctive therapies, including intensive dietary interventions, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery, can be beneficial for adolescents.
  • Obesity prevention requires a comprehensive, whole-system approach with coordinated policy initiatives across government sectors.
  • Interventions should prioritize feasibility, effectiveness, and the reduction of health disparities.

Conclusions:

  • Child and adolescent obesity requires multifaceted interventions addressing biological, behavioral, and environmental factors.
  • Integrated treatment and prevention strategies are crucial for improving health outcomes and reducing health inequalities.
  • Policy-level changes and a whole-system approach are essential for long-term success in combating the obesity epidemic in young people.