Sphenoid sinus anatomical variants and pathologies: pictorial essay

Area of Science:

• Otolaryngology
• Radiology
• Neurosurgery

Background:

• The sphenoid sinus (SS), located within the sphenoid bone, is one of four paired paranasal sinuses (PNSs).
• Isolated pathologies of the sphenoid sinus are rare but can present with diverse symptoms including headache and nasal or post-nasal drip.
• Potential complications range from mucoceles to skull base involvement, cavernous sinus issues, or cranial neuropathies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To compile and discuss the anatomical variants and diverse pathologies affecting the sphenoid sinus.
• To highlight the diagnostic utility of imaging modalities in evaluating sphenoid sinus lesions.

Main Methods:

• Review of anatomical variants and pathologies of the sphenoid sinus.
• Discussion of imaging findings from multidetector computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Main Results:

• Sphenoid sinus pathologies are uncommon, with varied clinical presentations.
• Complications can be severe, involving adjacent critical structures.
• Primary tumors are rare; secondary invasion by adjacent tumors is observed.
• CT and MRI are essential for diagnosis and assessing complications.

Conclusions:

• Anatomical variations and pathologies of the sphenoid sinus require thorough diagnostic evaluation.
• Advanced imaging plays a critical role in identifying and managing sphenoid sinus lesions and their complications.