Internet-of-medical-things integrated point-of-care biosensing devices for infectious diseases: Toward better
Arpana Parihar1, Shalu Yadav1,2, Mohd Abubakar Sadique1,2
1Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India.
Abstract:
Microbial pathogens have threatened the world due to their pathogenicity and ability to spread in communities. The conventional laboratory-based diagnostics of microbes such as bacteria and viruses need bulky expensive experimental instruments and skilled personnel which limits their usage in resource-limited settings. The biosensors-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostics have shown huge potential to detect microbial pathogens in a faster, cost-effective, and user-friendly manner. The use of various transducers such as electrochemical and optical along with microfluidic integrated biosensors further enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Additionally, microfluidic-based biosensors offer the advantages of multiplexed detection of analyte and the ability to deal with nanoliters volume of fluid in an integrated portable platform. In the present review, we discussed the design and fabrication of POCT devices for the detection of microbial pathogens which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The electrochemical techniques and current advances in this field in terms of integrated electrochemical platforms that include mainly microfluidic- based approaches and smartphone and Internet-of-things (IoT) and Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) integrated systems have been highlighted. Further, the availability of commercial biosensors for the detection of microbial pathogens will be briefed. In the end, the challenges while fabrication of POC biosensors and expected future advances in the field of biosensing have been discussed. The integrated biosensor-based platforms with the IoT/IoMT usually collect the data to track the community spread of infectious diseases which would be beneficial in terms of better preparedness for current and futuristic pandemics and is expected to prevent social and economic losses.
Insights
Point-of-care (POC) biosensors offer rapid, cost-effective microbial pathogen detection, overcoming limitations of traditional diagnostics. Integrated systems with IoT/IoMT enhance pandemic preparedness and reduce economic losses.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Infectious Disease Diagnostics
- Biosensor Technology
Background:
- Microbial pathogens pose significant global health risks due to their transmissibility.
- Conventional microbial diagnostics require specialized equipment and expertise, hindering use in resource-limited areas.
- Biosensor-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostics present a promising alternative for rapid, affordable, and user-friendly pathogen detection.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the design and fabrication of POC diagnostic devices for microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites).
- To highlight advances in electrochemical techniques and microfluidic-based biosensor platforms.
- To discuss the integration of biosensors with smartphone and Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) systems for enhanced disease surveillance.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on biosensor design and fabrication for microbial pathogen detection.
- Focus on electrochemical and optical transducers, and microfluidic integration.
- Analysis of smartphone and IoMT-integrated biosensing systems for POC applications.
Main Results:
- Microfluidic biosensors enable sensitive, selective, and multiplexed detection using minimal sample volumes.
- Electrochemical techniques and integrated platforms show significant advancements for POC microbial diagnostics.
- IoT/IoMT integration facilitates real-time data collection for tracking infectious disease spread.
Conclusions:
- POC biosensors, particularly microfluidic and integrated systems, offer a viable solution for decentralized microbial pathogen detection.
- Advances in biosensing technology, coupled with IoT/IoMT, are crucial for improved pandemic preparedness and mitigation of socio-economic impacts.
- Addressing fabrication challenges and exploring future innovations will further enhance the capabilities of POC diagnostic platforms.
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