Two pathways in vocabulary development: Large-scale differences in noun and verb semantic structure

In adults, nouns and verbs have varied and multilevel semantic interrelationships. In children, evidence suggests that nouns and verbs also have semantic interrelationships, though the timing of the emergence of these relationships and their precise impact on later noun and verb learning are not clear. In this work, we ask whether noun and verb semantic knowledge in 16-30-month-old children tend to be semantically isolated from one another or semantically interacting from the onset of vocabulary development. Early word learning patterns were quantified using network science. We measured the semantic network structure for nouns and verbs in 3,804 16-30-month-old children at several levels of granularity using a large, open dataset of vocabulary checklist data. In a cross-sectional approach in Experiment 1, early nouns and verbs exhibited stronger network relationships with other nouns and verbs than expected across multiple network levels. Using a longitudinal approach in Experiment 2, we examined patterns of normative vocabulary development over time. Initial noun and verb learning was supported by strong semantic connections to other nouns, whereas later-learned words exhibited strong connections to verbs. Overall, these two experiments suggest that nouns and verbs demonstrate early semantic interactions and that these interactions impact later word learning. Early verb and noun learning is affected by the emergence of noun and verb semantic networks during early lexical development.