Anatomical differences of intracranial arteries according to sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Intracranial aneurysms are more common in women than in men. Some anatomical variants of the circle of Willis (CoW) are associated with a higher risk of developing intracranial aneurysms. We hypothesized that variations of the CoW are sex dependent which may partly explain why intracranial aneurysms are more common in women. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the literature to compare the presence of anatomical variations of the CoW between women and men in the general population.

A systematic search in Pubmed and EMBASE using predefined criteria, following the PRISMA guidelines was performed. The presence of different CoW anatomical variants and a complete CoW was compared between women and men using an inverse variance weighted random effects meta-analysis to calculate relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Fourteen studies were included reporting on 5478 healthy participants (2511 women, 2967 men). Bilateral fetal type posterior cerebral arteries (RR 2.79; 95%CI 1.65-4.72, I²=0%), and a complete CoW (RR 1.24, 95%CI 1.13-1.36; I²=0%) were more prevalent in women than in men. The variants absence or hypoplasia of one of the anterior cerebral arteries (RR 0.58, 95%CI 0.38-0.88, I²=57%) and hypoplasia or absence of both posterior communicating arteries (RR 0.79, 95%CI 0.71-0.87, I²=0%) were more prevalent in men.

Several anatomical variations of the CoW are sex dependent, with some variants being more common in women while others in men. Future research should assess how these sex-specific CoW variants relate to the sex-specific occurrence of intracranial aneurysms.