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Related Concept Videos

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Related Experiment Video

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Obesity wars: hypothalamic sEVs a new hope.

Sayani Mukherjee1, Carlos Diéguez2, Johan Fernø3

  • 1Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain; Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|May 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) offer a novel CNS-targeted strategy for obesity treatment. Research explores their potential in modulating hypothalamic pathways like AMPK for clinical application.

Keywords:
AMPKGLP-1food intakehypothalamusobesitysmall extracellular vesiclesthermogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Obesity treatment currently relies on pharmacological therapies targeting central and peripheral systems.
  • Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are emerging as key players in intercellular communication and pathophysiological processes.
  • sEVs possess unique nanostructures and contents enabling receptor activation and intracellular pathway modulation in recipient cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as a central nervous system (CNS)-targeted strategy for obesity treatment.
  • To evaluate current findings on sEV-mediated targeting of key metabolic pathways, such as hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
  • To discuss the translation of these findings into potential clinical applications for obesity management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on sEVs in obesity.
  • Analysis of sEVs' role in intercellular communication and phenotypic alteration.
  • Evaluation of sEV-mediated targeting of hypothalamic AMPK pathways.

Main Results:

  • sEVs can be utilized for targeted delivery to the CNS.
  • sEVs have demonstrated potential in modulating hypothalamic AMPK activity, a key regulator of energy balance.
  • The inherent properties of sEVs facilitate molecular transfer and cellular pathway activation relevant to obesity.

Conclusions:

  • sEVs represent a promising therapeutic avenue for obesity, particularly for CNS-targeted interventions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and optimize the clinical application of sEVs in obesity treatment.
  • The ability of sEVs to alter recipient cell phenotypes offers unique therapeutic possibilities.