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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes
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Microbial assemblages in water hyacinth silages with different initial moistures.

Zhihang Liao1, Shanshan Chen1, Lanlan Zhang1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.

Environmental Research
|May 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Water hyacinth silage fermentation differs with moisture. High moisture (90%) silage favors digestibility, while lower moisture (70%) favors protein content. Acidic conditions are key for successful silage, regardless of initial water content.

Keywords:
Acid-producing bacteriaMicrobial successionMoistureSilageWater hyacinth

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a fast-growing aquatic plant biomass suitable for silage production.
  • High moisture content (around 95%) in water hyacinth presents a significant challenge for silage making.
  • The impact of initial moisture on water hyacinth silage fermentation and microbial communities is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of different initial moisture levels on water hyacinth silage fermentation.
  • To analyze the microbial communities and their roles in silage quality.
  • To understand the relationship between moisture, microbial succession, and metabolic patterns in silage.

Main Methods:

  • Water hyacinth silages were prepared with varying initial moisture content (70% and 90%).
  • Microbial communities, fermentation products, and silage qualities were analyzed.
  • Variance partitioning analysis was used to determine the influence of moisture and pH on microbial assemblages.

Main Results:

  • Both 70% (S70) and 90% (S90) moisture silages achieved successful fermentation, but with distinct microbial processes.
  • S70 silage, with pre-destroyed plant cells, showed dominant Lactobacillus spp. and high lactic acid production.
  • S90 silage exhibited stochastic microbial succession, with Lactobacillus and Clostridium spp. producing butyric acid, leading to lower pH.
  • Metabolic patterns differed: S70 focused on carbohydrate metabolism, while S90 emphasized amino acid and nitrogen metabolism.
  • S70 had higher crude protein and lower ammonia nitrogen; S90 had higher in vitro digestibility and relative feeding value.
  • pH value (41.4%) explained more microbial variation than initial moisture (5.9%).

Conclusions:

  • Successful silage fermentation of water hyacinth is achievable at both 70% and 90% initial moisture.
  • Initial moisture significantly influences microbial community succession and metabolic pathways.
  • Establishing an acidic environment through acid-producing bacteria is crucial for silage fermentation, irrespective of initial moisture levels.
  • Findings provide insights for preparing high-moisture biomass for silage.