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Stealth and pseudo-stealth nanocarriers.

Panyue Wen1, Wendong Ke2, Anjaneyulu Dirisala3

  • 1Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|May 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most stealth nanomaterials show a rapid decrease in blood concentration, a phenomenon termed the pseudo-stealth effect. Engineering structural hierarchies is key to improving nanomaterial drug delivery and pharmacokinetics.

Keywords:
Blood circulationDrug deliveryNanomedicinePharmacokineticsPseudo-stealth effectRES blockadeStealth effect

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The stealth effect is crucial for nanomaterial drug delivery, enhancing pharmacokinetics like blood circulation and tissue targeting.
  • Current stealth strategies often involve polymer-based stabilization (e.g., PEGylation) or bio-inspired components to evade immune detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an integrated material and biological perspective on engineering stealth nanomaterials.
  • To analyze stealth efficiency and discuss factors influencing it.
  • To propose strategies for improving nanomaterial pharmacokinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Practical analysis of stealth efficiency in reported nanomaterials.
  • Theoretical discussion of factors affecting stealth properties.
  • Evaluation of pharmacokinetic data, including blood concentration and clearance rates.

Main Results:

  • Over 85% of reported stealth nanomaterials exhibit a rapid decline in blood concentration (half-life within 1 hour).
  • This behavior is termed the pseudo-stealth effect, characterized by dose-dependent, nonlinear pharmacokinetics due to saturated reticuloendothelial system (RES) clearance.
  • Structural holism, considering the entire surface structure and geometry, is proposed as a superior approach over single-factor strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Minimizing attractive binding sites through engineered structural hierarchies (minimal charges, dipoles, hydrophobic domains) is crucial for enhanced stealth.
  • The pseudo-stealth effect highlights the need for advanced strategies beyond traditional PEGylation.
  • Future development should focus on the pragmatic implementation of the pseudo-stealth effect and dynamic modulation of stealth properties.