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Updated: Jul 29, 2025
Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp
Published on: February 3, 2014
Digit ratio (2D:4D), laryngeal cancer and vocal fold leukoplakia
Wioletta Pietruszewska1, Joanna Morawska1, John T Manning2
1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Background:
To date, there are no studies that have analyzed the possible influence of exposure to prenatal sex hormones on the risk of laryngeal cancer (LC) and premalignant laryngeal lesion-vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL). Digit ratio (2D:4D) is suggested to be a proxy of prenatal sex hormone exposure.
Objective:
To examine 2D:4D in patients with LC and clarify if it could add to the verified risk factors in estimating the overall risk of LC.
Methods:
511 subjects participated in the study. The study group included 269 patients: with LC (N = 114, 64 men) and VFL (N = 155, 116 men). Controls included 242 healthy individuals (66.40 ± 4.50 years (106 men)).
Results:
Predictive models estimating the risk of VFL and LC in women, based solely on predictors like smoking and alcohol consumption had a lower area under the ROC curve (AUC) than the model with left 2D:4D. AUC for the model estimating the likelihood of VFL increased from 0.83 to 0.85, and for LC from 0.76 to 0.79.
Conclusions:
Low left 2D:4D may be associated with an increased risk of developing leukoplakia and laryngeal cancer in women. In the case of laryngeal cancer, left 2D:4D may serve as additional variable (to other known risk factors, such as smoking and/or alcohol consumption), which can improve cancer risk prediction.
