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Physics is concerned with the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time, in order to discover the underlying mechanisms that underpin all phenomena. The word "physics" comes from the Greek word "phúsis", which means nature. Physics seeks to comprehend the natural world around us at its most fundamental level. It emphasizes the use of quantitative laws to do this, which could be valuable in other fields that want to push the performance boundaries of present...
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Education case report: CAMPEP Medical Physics PhD education program within Engineering.

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Integrating medical physics doctoral students into engineering graduate programs offers a robust solution to funding and infrastructure challenges. This hybrid model enhances research collaboration and student outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • * Medical Physics and Engineering Education
  • * Graduate Program Development
  • * Interdisciplinary Research

Background:

  • * Medical physics doctoral programs exhibit significant variability in organization, administration, and funding.
  • * Integrating a medical physics specialization into existing engineering graduate programs leverages pre-existing institutional infrastructures.
  • * A case study of Dartmouth's accredited program analyzes operational, financial, educational, and outcome features of this hybrid model.

Observation:

  • * The Dartmouth program involves 14 PhD students and 22 faculty from engineering and clinical departments.
  • * Annual peer-reviewed publications total approximately 75, with a substantial increase in joint engineering-medical physics papers (5.6 to 13.3/year).
  • * Student support relies heavily on federal grants ($5.5 million/year), with engineering schools providing initial funding and operational support.

Findings:

  • * The hybrid program demonstrates exceptional student outcomes, including numerous presentations, awards, and residency placements.
  • * Joint publications between engineering and medical physics faculty increased significantly post-program formation.
  • * Student stipends and tuition are supported by ~$610K/year from federal grants, with engineering schools covering initial recruitment and staff support.

Implications:

  • * This blended model effectively mitigates financial and student support limitations in traditional medical physics programs.
  • * Future medical physics programs can benefit from this pathway to strengthen clinical physics and engineering faculty collaborations.
  • * Successful implementation requires strong commitment from faculty and leadership for teaching and interdisciplinary research.