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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Modeling in Therapy

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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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The NO Answer for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Manish Kumar Tripathi1, Shashank Kumar Ojha1, Maryam Kartawy1

  • 1Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
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Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inhibiting NO reversed molecular and behavioral autism symptoms in mouse models and patient-derived neurons, suggesting a novel treatment strategy.

Keywords:
S-nitrosylationShank3autism spectrum disorderbehaviorcontactin-associated protein-like2nitric oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions with complex genetic underpinnings.
  • Previous studies indicated elevated nitric oxide (NO) levels in ASD models, but the precise role remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the molecular mechanisms and phenotypes of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of targeting NO pathways in ASD.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed nitrosative stress biomarkers in Shank3 and Cntnap2 ASD mouse models.
  • Administered a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor to mouse models and patient-derived neurons.
  • Analyzed molecular, synaptic, and behavioral phenotypes.
  • Examined plasma biomarkers in low-functioning ASD patients.
  • Performed bioinformatics analysis of the SNO-proteome.

Main Results:

  • Elevated nitrosative stress biomarkers were observed in both ASD mouse models.
  • nNOS inhibition reversed molecular, synaptic, and behavioral deficits associated with ASD in mouse models.
  • nNOS inhibition demonstrated therapeutic effects in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from patients with SHANK3 mutations.
  • Increased nitrosative stress biomarkers were found in the plasma of low-functioning ASD patients.
  • Bioinformatics analysis indicated enrichment of the complement system in the ASD SNO-proteome.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first evidence that nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
  • Targeting NO pathways, specifically via nNOS inhibition, presents a promising therapeutic strategy for ASD.
  • Findings suggest further investigation of NO in diverse ASD mutations and other neurodevelopmental disorders.