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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Defining a core configuration for human centromeres during mitosis.

Ayantika Sen Gupta1, Chris Seidel1, Dai Tsuchiya1

  • 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|May 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate chromosome segregation relies on centromere structure. This study reveals a common centromere configuration with CENP-A clusters and cohesin, explaining how centromeres function during cell division.

Keywords:
CENP-ACentromerescentromere structurecohesinhumanpericentromerestructured illumination microscopyα-satellite DNA

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Accurate sister chromatid segregation during mitosis is crucial for genomic stability.
  • Centromeres, composed of CENP-A, cohesin, and centromeric DNA, are key to this process.
  • The 3D organization of these components and how they accommodate large inter-sister distances remain unclear.

Approach:

  • ChIP-seq and super-resolution microscopy were employed to analyze the spatial arrangement of centromeric components in human chromosomes.
  • Single particle averaging of hundreds of mitotic sister chromatids was used to generate an average centromere model.

Key Points:

  • Cohesin is depleted in CENP-A nucleosome-containing α-satellite arrays and enriched in pericentromeric DNA.
  • CENP-A clusters are separated by approximately 562 nm, with a ~190 nm wide axis of cohesin perpendicularly positioned.
  • Different sized α-satellite arrays achieve a common inter-sister CENP-A cluster spacing.

Conclusions:

  • A common core centromere configuration exists, featuring CENP-A nucleosomes at the edge of extensible α-satellite DNA and pericentromeric cohesin.
  • This model reconciles centromere function on the mitotic spindle and provides a basis for future research.