Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
Published on: March 29, 2018
Advances in epidemiological status and pathogenesis of dental fluorosis
Kaiqiang Zhang1, Zhenfu Lu1, Xiaoying Guo2
1Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
Abstract:
Fluoride is commonly consider as a "double-edged sword" because low consumption of fluoride can effectively prevent dental caries, but excessive consumption of fluoride can cause fluorosis. Dental fluorosis (DF) is a characteristic feature of fluorosis in the oral cavity that is manifested as tooth color changes and evident enamel defect. Presently, the pathogenesis of DF remains unclear. Herein, we have summarized the research progress in the pathogenesis and mechanism of DF in the past 5 years.
Related Concept Videos
Teeth
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
Minerals
Major...
Tooth Anatomy
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology
Introduction to Epidemiology

