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Labeling DNA Probes

Labeling DNA Probes

DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
Radioisotopes, fluorophores, or small molecule binding partners like biotin or digoxigenin, are the most widely used reporter tags for labeling DNA probes. These labels can be attached to the probe DNA molecule via...

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Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Use of Label-free Optical Biosensors to Detect Modulation of Potassium Channels by G-protein Coupled Receptors

Use of Label-free Optical Biosensors to Detect Modulation of Potassium Channels by G-protein Coupled Receptors

Published on: February 10, 2014

Ratiometric optical probes for biosensing.

Xiao Yang¹, Congcong Li¹, Peifeng Li¹

¹Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.

|May 22, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ratiometric optical probes offer improved biosensing accuracy by correcting signal fluctuations. This review explores their mechanisms and diverse applications in detecting various biological analytes for enhanced diagnostics.

Keywords:

analytes biosensing optical probes ratiometric probes self-calibration

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Last Updated: Jul 29, 2025

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Analytical Chemistry
Optical Biosensing

Background:

Conventional optical probes for biosensing face limitations due to analyte-independent signal fluctuations, impacting detection accuracy.
Ratiometric optical probes offer intrinsic signal correction, enhancing sensitivity and reliability in biosensing applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advancements and sensing mechanisms of various ratiometric optical probes.
To discuss design strategies and diverse applications of ratiometric optical probes in biosensing.

Main Methods:

Review of literature focusing on photoacoustic (PA), fluorescence (FL), bioluminescence (BL), chemiluminescence (CL), and afterglow ratiometric probes.
Discussion of design principles and sensing mechanisms for different probe types.
Exploration of applications including pH, enzyme, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), glutathione (GSH), metal ions, gas molecules, hypoxia, and FRET-based immunoassays.

Main Results:

Ratiometric probes, including PA, FL, BL, CL, and afterglow types, demonstrate superior performance over conventional probes.
Versatile design strategies enable targeted detection of a wide array of analytes.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based probes show promise for immunoassay biosensing.

Conclusions:

Ratiometric optical probes represent a significant advancement in biosensing, providing self-calibrated and reliable detection.
Their diverse applications span from molecular diagnostics to physiological monitoring.
Further research into challenges and future perspectives will drive innovation in this field.