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Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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The development of sniffing.

Natalie L Johnson1, Daniel W Wesson1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.

Chemical Senses
|May 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rodent sniffing behavior develops significantly from infancy to adulthood. This study tracks odor-evoked sniffing across rat development, revealing key changes in this essential sensory behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Sniffing is a fundamental sensory behavior in rodents.
  • Developmental changes in olfactory-driven sniffing are not well understood.
  • Understanding this ontogeny is crucial for comprehending sensory adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental trajectory of odor-evoked sniffing in rats.
  • To characterize how sniffing behavior changes from infancy through adulthood.
  • To provide a longitudinal comparison of sniffing across distinct developmental stages.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal study design was employed.
  • Rats were observed across three developmental stages: infancy, juvenile, and adulthood.
  • Olfactory paradigms were used to elicit and measure odor-evoked sniffing behavior.
  • Within-subject comparisons were made across timepoints.

Main Results:

  • A cohesive picture of sniffing behavior ontogeny was established.
  • Significant developmental adjustments in odor-evoked sniffing were identified.
  • Direct within-subject comparisons revealed specific changes over time.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides novel insights into the development of odor-evoked sniffing in rats.
  • Findings advance the understanding of olfactory behavior ontogeny in rodents.
  • This research offers a foundation for future studies on sensory development and adaptation.