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Related Concept Videos

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Fertilization altered co-occurrence patterns and microbial assembly process of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms.

Mingchao Ma1,2, Yubin Zhao1,2, Xin Jiang3,4

  • 1Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.

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Long-term inorganic fertilizer application significantly alters soil ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOA and AOB), impacting their abundance, community structure, and assembly processes more than organic fertilizers.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Soil Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) are crucial for the nitrogen cycle.
  • Understanding their response to long-term fertilization is vital for soil health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers on AOA and AOB communities over 35 years.
  • Analyze co-occurrence patterns and microbial assembly processes under different fertilizer treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified amoA gene copy numbers.
  • Assessed AOA and AOB community structures.
  • Analyzed co-occurrence patterns and microbial assembly processes.
  • Utilized redundancy analysis to identify key environmental factors.

Main Results:

  • Inorganic fertilizers decreased AOA abundance and increased AOB abundance compared to control and organic fertilizer treatments.
  • Inorganic fertilizers altered the complexity of AOA and AOB co-occurrence patterns.
  • AOB community assembly was deterministic under organic fertilizer and stochastic under inorganic fertilizer.
  • Soil pH, nitrate-nitrogen, and available phosphorus significantly affected AOA and AOB communities.

Conclusions:

  • Inorganic fertilizers have a more disruptive impact on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms than organic fertilizers.
  • Long-term fertilization significantly shapes soil microbial communities and nitrogen cycling processes.