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Related Experiment Videos

Cardiac performance in humans during breath holding.

M Ferrigno, D D Hickey, M H Linér

    Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
    |June 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Breath holding at large lung volumes during diving can impair cardiac performance by reducing cardiac index and altering systolic time intervals, even without cold water immersion.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physiology
    • Cardiovascular Research
    • Diving Science

    Background:

    • Breath-hold diving involves voluntary cessation of breathing, impacting cardiovascular function.
    • Intrathoracic pressure changes during breath-holding can influence cardiac performance.
    • The diving response, including circulatory adjustments, is complex and influenced by factors like lung volume and water temperature.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of high and low intrathoracic pressures from breath-holding at large and small lung volumes on cardiac performance.
    • To differentiate the effects of breath-holding maneuvers from the cold-induced diving response.

    Main Methods:

    • Cardiac index and systolic time intervals were measured using impedance cardiography in six resting subjects.
    • Measurements were taken under both nonimmersed and immersed conditions in a thermoneutral environment (air 28°C, water 35°C).
    • Subjects performed breath-holding at large and small lung volumes.

    Main Results:

    • Cardiac performance was enhanced during immersion compared to nonimmersion.
    • Breath-holding at a large lung volume significantly depressed cardiac performance.
    • This depression was evidenced by a decrease in cardiac index (24.1% immersed, 20.9% nonimmersed) and altered systolic time intervals (shortened ejection time, lengthened pre-ejection period).

    Conclusions:

    • In a thermoneutral environment, breath-holding at large lung volumes, typical for breath-hold divers, tends to reduce cardiac performance.
    • This reduction in cardiac performance is likely due to impeded venous return caused by high intrathoracic pressure.
    • These findings help isolate the mechanical effects of breath-holding from the physiological diving response.

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